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Polygyny in animals
Polygyny (; from Neo-Greek πολυγυνία from πολύ- ''poly-'' "many", and γυνή ''gyne'' "woman" or "wife")〔''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Liddell & Scott, s.v. γυνή〕 is a mating system in which one male lives and mates with multiple females, but each female only mates with a single male. Systems where several females mate with several males are defined either as promiscuity or polygynandry. Lek mating is frequently regarded as a form of polygyny because one male mates with many females, but lek-based mating systems differ in that the male has no attachment to the females with whom he mates, and that mating females lack attachment to one another.〔Clutton-Brock T.H. (1989). ‘Review lecture: mammalian mating systems.’ ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London''. Series B, Biological Sciences 236: 339–372.〕
Polygyny is typical of one-male, multi-female groups〔Boyd, R., & Silk, J. B. (2009). How Humans Evolved (preferably the downloadable pdf version): WW Norton & Company, New York.〕 and can be found in many species including: human, gorilla, elephant seal, red-winged warbler, house wren, hamadryas baboon, common pheasant, red deer, Bengal tiger, ''Xylocopa varipuncta'', ''Anthidium manicatum'' and elk. Oftentimes in polygynous systems, females will provide the majority of parental care.〔Davies, N. B., Krebs, J. R., & West, S. A. (2012). An introduction to behavioural ecology. John Wiley & Sons.〕
==Mating systems==
When two animals mate, they both share an interest in the success of the offspring, though often to different extremes. Unless the male and female are perfectly monogamous, meaning that they mate for life and take no other partners, even after the original mate’s death, the amount of parental care will vary.〔Holland B., Rice W.R. (1998). Chase-away sexual selection: antagonistic seduction vs. resistance. Evolution 52: 1–7.〕 Instead, it is much more common for polygynous mating to happen. Polygynous structures (excluding leks) are estimated to occur in up to 90% of mammals.〔
Polygyny in birds occurs infrequently when compared to mammals, as monogamy is most commonly observed. Evolutionarily speaking, polygyny in birds might have evolved because many females do not require male support to care for their offspring.〔Slagsvold, T., & Lifjeld, J. T. (1994). Polygyny in birds: the role of competition between females for male parental care. American Naturalist, 59-94.〕 Because females do not need extra help raising their nests, males can afford to invest in multiple females. Nonetheless, male parental care is often found in many polygynous territorial bird species,〔Verner, J., & Willson, M. (1969). Mating Systems, Sexual Dimorphism, and the Role of Male North American Passerine Birds in the Nesting Cycle. Ornithological Monographs, 9, 1-76.〕 leading to female competition for male assistance. Most often, males will seek a second female to impregnate, once the first female has laid her eggs.〔Slagsvold, T., & Lifjeld, J. T. (1994). Polygyny in birds: the role of competition between females for male parental care. American Naturalist, 59-94.〕 Strongly polygynous or monogamous species display increased female-female aggression.〔Slagsvold, T., & Lifjeld, J. T. (1994). Polygyny in birds: the role of competition between females for male parental care. American Naturalist, 59-94.〕 Many factors affect female aggression including predator density, habitat quality, nest spacing, and territory size.〔Slagsvold, T., & Lifjeld, J. T. (1994). Polygyny in birds: the role of competition between females for male parental care. American Naturalist, 59-94.〕 Oftentimes females will fight for resources from the male, such as food and nest protection. The female disadvantages of mating with an already-mated male bird can be overcome with ample resources provided by the male, resulting in female choice.〔Slagsvold, T., & Lifjeld, J. T. (1994). Polygyny in birds: the role of competition between females for male parental care. American Naturalist, 59-94.〕
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